Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus-specific chimeric polypeptides

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a chimeric polypeptide comprising an epitope of GAD65 protein and a structural region comprising a polypeptide of the GAD family, wherein the chimeric polypeptide is a more specific diagnostic for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus than intact GAD65 and produces fewer false positives than intact GAD65. The invention further provides a method of screening a subject for risk of developing IDDM, comprising contacting the chimeric polypeptide of claim 1 with a biological sample containing antibodies from the subject and detecting binding between an antibody in the biological sample and the chimeric polypeptide, the detection of binding indicating the subject is at risk of developing IDDM.

This invention was made with government support under an RO1 grant awarded by the National Institutes of Health and under Veteran's Affairs Administration Research Service Career Development Award and Merit Review Award. The government may have certain rights in the invention.

This application is a Divisional Application of, and claims the benefit of, application Ser. No. 08/592,696, filed Jan. 26, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,334, which application is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention provides chimeric polypeptides having one or more glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 epitopes, wherein the chimeric polypeptides can specifically bind a GAD antibody present in serum from a subject having insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM also referred to as type I diabetes). The chimeric polypeptides can be used to detect individuals having new-onset diabetes, who are in the prediabetic stage of type I diabetes or to classify the type of diabetes in an individual as type I.

2. Background Art

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (also known as type 1 diabetes) primarily afflicts young people. Although insulin is available for treatment, the several-fold increased morbidity and mortality associated with this disease require the development of early diagnostic and preventive methods. The destruction of pancreatic β-cells (which are the insulin-secreting cells of the islets of Langerhans) that precedes the clinical onset of IDDM, is mediated by autoimmune mechanisms. Among the most thoroughly studied autoimmune abnormalities associated with the disease is the high incidence of circulating β-cell specific autoantibodies at the time of diagnosis. Family studies have shown that the autoantibodies appear prior to overt IDDM by a number of years, suggesting a long prodromal period of humoral autoimmunity before clinical symptoms emerge. The family studies have also documented a slow, progressive loss of insulin response to intravenous glucose in the years preceding diagnosis. The presence of β-cell specific autoantibodies in the prediabetic period is likely to reflect the ongoing autoimmune process, one that eventually leads to critical β-cell depletion and insulin dependency. It has been estimated that only 10% of the total β-cell mass remains at the time of clinical onset.

A major autoantigen for both humoral and cellular autoimmunity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) (Baekkeskov et al. (1990), Nature 347:151-156; Solimena (1991), Trends in Neurosciences 14:452-457; Clare-Salzler et al. (1992), Diabetes Care 15:132-135). The possible role of GAD as the primary autoantigen in IDDM has been suggested by recent demonstrations of cellular autoimmunity directed at GAD in IDDM (Honeyman et al. (1993), J. Exp. Med 177:535-540; Atkinson et al. (1992), Lancet 339:458-459) as well as autoimmunity directed at GAD in an animal model of IDDM (Kaufman et al. (1993), Nature 366:69-72; Tisch et al. (1993), Nature 366:72-75). GAD autoantibodies are an important marker of the autoimmune process of IDDM since they are present in the majority of individuals with new-onset diabetes and in individuals in the pre-diabetic stage of the disease (Hagopian et al. (1993), J. Clin. Invest. 91:368-374; Rowley et al. (1992) Diabetes 41:548-551; De Aizpurua et al. (1992), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:9841-9845).

GAD is the biosynthetic enzyme for the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-amino butyric acid (Erlander et al. (1991), Neurochem. Res. 16:215-226). Two isoforms, GAD₆₅ (65 kDa) and GAD₆₇ (67 kDa) are the products of two separate genes, are highly homologous, and differ mostly in the amino terminal-third of the protein (Erlander et al. (1991); Bu et al. (1992), Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 89:2115-2119; Christgau et al. (1991), J. Biol. Chem. 266:21257-21269). The respective cDNAs for GAD₆₅ and GAD₆₇ are identical in the brain and islet (Clare-Salzer et al. (1992), Diabetes Care 15:132-135; Giorda et al. (1991), Lancet 338:1469-1470; Kelly et al. (1991), Lancet 33 8:1468-1469; Karlsen et al. (1991), Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 88:8337-8341; Cram et al. (1991), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 176:1239-1244; Michelson et al. (1991), Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 88:8754-8758). In the human, GAD₆₅ is the predominant form expressed in the islet, whereas both GAD₆₅ and GAD₆₇ are found in rat islets (Velloso et al. (1993), Diabetologia 36:39-46; Kim et al. (1993), Diabetes 42:1799-1808). Mouse islets contain little, if any, GAD₆₅ (Velloso et al. (1993); Kim et al. (1993).

Antibodies against GAD, originally detected by Baekkeskov et al. (1993), are found in the majority of individuals with preclinical and new-onset type I diabetes and have been detected utilizing recombinant GAD and porcine brain GAD (Velloso et al. (1993) J. Clin. Invest. 91:2084-2090; Hagopian et al. (1993) J. Clin. Invest. 91:368-374; Karlsen et al. (1992) Diabetes 41:1355-1359; Christie et al. (1992) Diabetologia 35:380-384; Rowley et al. (1992), Diabetes 41:548-551; Clare-Salzler et al. (1992), Diabetes Care 15:132-135; DeAizpurua et al. (1992), Diabetes 41:1182-1187; DeAizpurua et al. (1992), Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 89:9841-9845). Some ICA sera react with GAD₆₅ and GAD₆₇, but GAD₆₅ is the predominant autoantigen (Velloso et al. (1993); Hagopian et al. (1993), Diabetes 42:631-636). An initial report mapped the reactivity of four ICA sera to the middle and COOH-terminal of GAD₆₅ (Kaufman et al. (1992) J. Clin. Invest. 89:283-292). A recent study using a series of GAD-directed monoclonal antibodies from a single patient with type I diabetes has detected at least two distinct epitopes, one that is linear in nature and one that is dependent on protein conformation (Richter et al. (1993), Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 90:2832-2836; Richter et al. (1992), Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 89:8467-8471).

GAD₆₇ and GAD₆₅ are highly diverse in the first 95 amino acids but share significant (approx. 75%) homology in the rest of the molecule. Both have a proteolytic hot spot 80-90 amino acids from the N-terminus (Christgau et al. (1991), J. Biol. Chem. 266:21257-21264; Christgau et al. (1992), J. Cell Biol. 118:309-320) (incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes), which may represent a domain boundary. The N-terminal domain harbors the post-translational modifications which result in anchoring of GAD₆₅ to the membrane of synaptic vesicles and control the distinct subcellular localization of this protein.

In brain tissue, both GAD₆₅ and GAD₆₇ are produced (Bu et al. (1992), Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 89:2115-2119; Kaufman et al. (1986) Science 232:1138-1140; Chang & Gottlieb (1988), J. Neurosci. 8:2123-2130). Some species express both GAD proteins in their pancreatic islets. However, in human islets only GAD₆₅ is expressed (Karlsen et al. (1991), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 88:8337-8341; Karlsen et al. (1992), Diabetes 41:1355-1359). Immunogenic crossreactivity between isolates of GAD₆₅ and GAD₆₇ from different vertebrate species indicates a high degree of conservation of antigenic determinants from rodents to humans (Legay et al. (1986), J. Neurochem. 46:1478-1486). Consistent with this observation, human GAD₆₅ and GAD₆₇ polypeptides share more than 80% amino-acid sequence identity with cognate polypeptides in other mammals. Bu et al., supra.

GAD autoantibodies that bind the intact, full length GAD₆₅ protein are also found in some individuals without IDDM including individuals with stiff-man syndrome (SMS), polyglandular failure type I, and individuals who have a restricted or beta-cell specific islet cell autoantibody (ICA) pattern (Solimena et al. (1991), Trends in Neurosciences 14:452-457; Genovese et al. (1992), Diabetologia 35:385-388; Gianani et al. (1992), Diabetes 41:347-353; Bjork et al. (1994), Diabetes 43:161-165). These individuals have a low risk of developing IDDM. Differences and heterogeneity in the GAD autoantibody profile between these non-diabetic individuals and those with IDDM suggest that disease-specific epitopes may exist (Bjork et al. (1994), Diabetes 43:161-165; Butler et al. (1993), J. Exp. Med. 178:2097-2106; Kim et al. (1994), J. Exp. Med 180:595-606; Ujihara et al. (1994), Diabetes 43:968-975). For example, SMS sera bind GAD protein fragments and denatured GAD protein utilized in immunoblotting (Baekkeskov et al. (1990), Nature 347:151-156; Butler et al. (1993), J. Exp. Med. 178:2097-2106; Kim et al. (1994). J. Exp. Med 180:595-606).

In contrast, GAD antibodies in IDDM do not bind denatured GAD protein, GAD fragments, or GAD peptides which implies that these GAD antibodies bind an epitope dependent on protein conformation (Baekkeskov et al. (990), Nature 347:151-156; Ujihara et al. (1994), Diabetes 43:968-975; Richter et al. (1993), Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:2832-2836). The COOH-terminal two-thirds of the GAD 65 protein contains the region targeted in IDDM, but when smaller fragments of GAD 65 protein are used, most binding by IDDM sera is lost (Ujihara et al. (1994), Diabetes 43:968-975; Richter et al. (1993), Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:2832-2836). Hence, further localization of the IDDM epitopes is not possible with the methodology used to map GAD epitopes targeted by SMS or restricted ICA sera. Furthermore, when native, full length GAD65 is used, some sera from individuals without IDDM who have, for example, SMS, polyglandular renal failure type I, or a restricted βcell-specific ICA pattern bind the GAD65 protein causing false positives for diagnosis of IDDM.

The present invention overcomes these experimental limitations in localizing IDDM-related GAD epitopes by designing recombinant GAD proteins that maintain the conformation of the GAD protein. By exchanging regions of the GAD 65 and GAD 67 cDNAs, we created chimeric GAD polypeptides and determined the binding of IDDM antibodies to different regions of the GAD 65 protein. These chimeric polypeptides utilize one or more epitopes of GAD 65 such that the chimeric protein can bind IDDM sera. The chimeric polypeptides of the present invention provide more specific binding for IDDM GAD autoantibodies than intact GAD65, and produce fewer false positives for binding of IDDM-specific GAD autoantibodies and, thus, provide a more useful diagnostic polypeptide.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a chimeric polypeptide comprising an epitope of GAD65 protein and a structural region comprising a polypeptide of the GAD family, wherein the chimeric polypeptide is a more specific diagnostic for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus than intact GAD65 and produces fewer false positives than intact GAD65.

The present invention further provides a chimeric polypeptide comprising an epitope of GAD65 inserted into GAD67 wherein the GAD65 epitope replaces amino acids of GAD67 corresponding to amino acids of the GAD65 epitope and wherein the chimeric polypeptide is a more specific diagnostic for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus than intact GAD65 and produces fewer false positives than intact GAD65.

The present invention further provides a method of screening for the presence of GAD antibodies in a sample comprising contacting the sample with the chimeric polypeptide of claim 1 and detecting binding between an antibody in the sample and the chimeric polypeptide, the detection of binding indicating the presence of GAD antibodies in the sample.

The present invention further provides a method of screening a subject for risk of developing IDDM, comprising contacting the chimeric polypeptide of claim 1 with a biological sample containing antibodies from the subject and detecting binding between an antibody in the biological sample and the chimeric polypeptide, the detection of binding indicating the subject is at risk of developing IDDM.

The present invention further provides a method of determining if a subject having a type of diabetes has type I diabetes, comprising contacting the chimeric polypeptide of claim 1 with a biological sample containing antibodies from the subject and detecting binding between an antibody in the biological sample and the chimeric polypeptide, the detection of binding indicating the type of diabetes in the subject is type I diabetes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 provides a schematic drawing of (A) unaltered GAD 65 and GAD 67, (B) chimeric proteins GAD 67 (1-230/GAD 65 (221-442)/GAD67 (452-594), and GAD 67 (1-451)/GAD 65 (443-585), and (C) a chimeric protein template depicting regions that can be modified as hatched bars. In all drawings, solid white bars denote GAD 65 sequences and solid black bars denote GAD 67 sequences. The nomenclature for GAD protein fragments or chimeric proteins utilizes the following pattern: GAD 65 or 67 (number of amino acids of that GAD species present in the GAD fragment). For example, a GAD 65 fragment containing the first 195 amino acids is referred to as GAD 65 (1-195). If no amino acid number is shown in parentheses, then the protein is full-length GAD 65 (amino acids 1-585) or GAD 67 (amino acids 1-594). The junction of chimeric proteins is noted by the (/) symbol.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the inventions and the Examples included therein.

The present invention provides a chimeric polypeptide comprising an epitope of GAD65 protein and a structural region comprising a polypeptide of the GAD family, wherein the chimeric polypeptide is a more specific diagnostic for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus than intact GAD65 and produces fewer false positives than intact GAD65.

"Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) and "type 1 diabetes" are used interchangeably herein.

As used herein, an epitope of GAD65 protein is a region of the GAD65 protein that can specifically bind a GAD antibody. The GAD antibody can be a known antibody, such as monoclonal antibodies that react with GAD. For example, monoclonal antibodies GAD1, GAD6, or monoclonal islet cell antibody (MICA) 1 and MICA 3 (isolated from a single patient with IDDM (Richter et al. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 90:2832-2836 (1993)) can be used. Preferably, however, an epitope of GAD65 is determined by its ability to specifically bind an antibody in serum from an individual with IDDM. Therefore, a preferable method of determining if any selected polypeptide, chimeric polypeptide or fragment thereof contains an epitope of GAD65 is to contact the polypeptide, chimeric polypeptide or fragment with serum from one or more individuals diagnosed by conventional methods as having IDDM and determining whether a reaction occurs with the serum, a reaction indicating that a GAD65 epitope is present. Such methods of determining antibody-antigen reactions are exemplified herein and, further, are well-known in the art (see, e.g., Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1988). Epitopes can be further delineated, if desired, by this method. Epitopes can be further delineated also by constructing additional chimeric proteins, as taught herein for the construction, and performing the assay described above. More than one epitope can be utilized, as desired, in contiguous array or separated within the chimeric protein, as further described herein.

By "GAD65" and "GAD67" is meant to include any mammalian GAD65 or GAD 67 polypeptide, respectively, since immunogenic cross-reactivity between isolates of GAD65 and GAD67 from different vertebrate species indicates a high degree of conservation of antigenic determinants from rodents to humans (Legay et al. J. Neurochem. 46: 1478-1486 (1986)). Examples of such mammals can include human, nonhuman primate, cow, rabbit, dog, cat, pig, rat, mouse and hamster. Preferable mammalian GAD 65 epitopes can be derived from human, bovine, pig or rat GAD 65, shown to react with human antibodies. The cDNAs encoding human brain GAD65 and GAD67 have been cloned and the sequence determined. (Bu et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 2115-2119 (1992)). DNA sequences have also been determined for human pancreatic beta cell GAD65 Karlsen et al. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 88: 8337-8341 (1991)), rat brain GAD65 and GAD67 (Erlander et al. Neuron 7:91-100 (1991)); Julien et al. J. Neurochem. 54:703-705 (1990)), and rat beta cell GAD65 (Michelson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 8754-8758 (1991)). Furthermore, any chimeric polypeptide according to this invention can have within it sequences derived from more than one mammal. For example, the GAD sequences present in SEQ ID NOs:1-6 are derived from rat GAD65 and human GAD67.

By a "structural region" of a chimeric polypeptide as used herein is meant a region utilized for conformation and or backbone structure of the chimeric protein rather than for immunoreactivity. Typically, the structural region from GAD67 will correspond to structural regions from GAD family proteins. However, structural region is used herein to refer to the region's function in the chimeric polypeptides. Structural regions can have one or more epitopes that bind a GAD autoantibody present in serum from a subject with IDDM, but should not contain regions that non-specifically bind an antibody present in serum from a subject with IDDM or that bind a non-GAD antibody that can be present in serum from a subject with IDDM. The structural region can be used to achieve the proper tertiary placement of the GAD65 epitope for recognition by a GAD autoantibody present in serum from a subject with IDDM. The structural region preferably includes a region of GAD67. Sequences of amino acids from GAD67 can be placed, if desired, in the chimeric polypeptide in the corresponding region of the chimeric protein as those sequences present in the native GAD67 protein. The region of GAD67 in the structural region of the chimeric protein can range from about 10 consecutive amino acids to a maximum size limited only by the overall size and conformation of the chimeric protein such that the GAD65 epitopes can react with the IDDM serum, as described herein. Preferably the GAD67 region is from about 15 consecutive amino acids to about 594 amino acids in size. More than one region of GAD67 can be utilized in a chimeric protein, and the regions can be contiguous within the chimeric polypeptide or scattered throughout the chimeric polypeptide. Additionally, the structural region of a chimeric polypeptide of this invention can comprise polypeptide regions from other proteins, as described herein.

The GAD family includes proteins having glutamic acid decarboxylase activity and which are approximately the size of GAD65 (585 amino acids in length), i.e., about 400 to about 800 amino acids in length. Examples of such proteins include GAD67, a reported brain additional GAD protein (Nathan, B. J. Biol. Chem. 269:7249-7254 (1994); Nathan, B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94:242-246 (1994)), Drosophila GAD (Jackson, F. J. Neurochem. 54:1068-1078 (1990)), and E. coli GAD (Maras, B. Eur. J. Biochem. 24:93-98 (1992)).

The term "polypeptide" refers to a polymer of amino acids and includes full-length proteins and fragments thereof As used in the specification and in the claims, "a" can mean one or more, depending upon the context in which it is used.

An epitope of GAD65 can comprise two or more regions of GAD65 separated by substituted amino acids to retain the native conformation of the epitope. For example, GAD65 amino acids 443-513 and/or 528-585 can comprise an epitope. Preferably, these two example regions are in a chimeric protein separated by about 10 to about 20, and preferably, about 15, amino acids, thus providing about the same conformation of these two regions of the epitope. Amino acids in the separating region should preferably be neutral substitutions of the amino acids present in the GAD 65 protein at positions 514-527. Substitutions can be selected by known parameters to be neutral (see, e.g., Robinson WE Jr, and Mitchell WM., AIDS 4:S151-S162(1990)), and resulting chimeric proteins can readily be tested for function by reacting them with IDDM serum, as described herein.

Another useful epitope is GAD65 amino acids 270-435. Yet another useful epitope is GAD65 amino acids 451-570. GAD65 sequences 221-442 and 451-585 can also be placed into a chimeric polypeptide to form a useful chimeric polypeptide.

The amino-terminal 230 amino acids of GAD65 or GAD67 are not necessary for a chimeric protein to retain the function of immunoreactivity with IDDM serum. Thus, for example, another useful chimeric protein is a chimeric protein comprising amino acids 231-585 of the chimeric protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, and another is a chimeric protein comprising amino acids 231-585 of the chimeric protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4. Additional amino acids can readily be fused to the ends of these two examples of chimeric proteins, preferably at the amino-terminal end.

Additional amino acids can be present in the chimeric proteins of the present invention. These additional amino acids can be modifications to or substitutions of GAD amino acid sequences or can comprise additional regions of amino acid sequence, for example, regions derived from non-GAD proteins. Such amino acids should not have an epitope that reacts non-specifically with IDDM serum or that binds a non-GAD antibody that can be present in serum from a subject with IDDM, to avoid false positive results. In general, it is preferable for any chimeric protein of this invention to be of a size to maintain conformation that places the epitope(s) in a position wherein it can be recognized by a GAD autoantibody in IDDM serum. Thus the size of the chimeric protein can be somewhat similar to that of the native GAD65 and GAD67. Thus it is preferable that the chimeric proteins be from about 1000 amino acids to about 350 amino acids, more preferably about 800 amino acids to about 500 amino acids, and more preferably about 600 amino acids to about 350 amino acids.

FIG. 1(C) depicts a general template for construction of chimeric polypeptides of this invention, with the GAD65 sequences and their general placement within the chimeric polypeptide denoted. Generally, the placement of GAD65 epitope(s) can be relative to the carboxy terminus of the polypeptide, in particular since, in native GAD65 or in chimeric polypeptides having GAD65 or GAD67 sequences at the amino terminal end, the amino-terminal 230 amino acids are found not to be necessary for immuno-reactivity of the polypeptide, and therefore, can be completely removed (e.g. other useful chimeric proteins include the chimeric polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 with the amino-terminal 230 amino acids removed and the chimeric polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forthin SEQ. ID No. 4 with the animo-terminal 230 amino acids removed). Regarding the general template, for example, in a chimeric polypeptide of a size about 600 amino acids, a GAD65 epitope can be placed such that its N-terminal end is about 380 amino acids from the carboxy terminus, about 350 amino acids from the carboxy terminus, at about 150 amino acids from the carboxy terminus, or at about 75 amino acids from the carboxy terminus. The C-terminal end of a GAD65 epitope for example, can be at the C-terminal end of the chimeric polypeptide, about 57 amino acids from the carboxy terminus, about 142 amino acids from the carboxy terminus, or about 72 amino acids from the carboxy terminus. However, as described herein, the GAD65 epitopes can be placed at any position that allows binding of the epitope to the antibody in IDDM serum.

Additional regions of amino acid sequence can be derived from any selected protein (denoted "Protein X" in FIG. 1(C)). In general, these regions are selected from proteins that will provide the proper conformation to the chimeric polypeptide to allow binding of the GAD65 epitope(s) to the corresponding autoantibody in IDDM serum. For example, regions selected from GAD family proteins, can readily be utilized in a chimeric polypeptide.

The chimeric polypeptides of the present invention provide a more specific diagnostic for IDDM than intact GAD65. By intact GAD 65 is meant the full length GAD65 protein. Greater specificity as a diagnostic can readily be determined by individually contacting the intact GAD65 and the chimeric polypeptide with control serum and with serum from an IDDM subject and determining the realitive specificity of the chimeric polypeptide to the GAD65 by accuracy of detection of binding only IDDM sera. The chimeric polypeptides of this invention produce fewer false positives for the presence of IDDM-specific GAD autoantibodies than intact GAD65. The ability to produce fewer false positives is readily determined by contradicting the chimeric polypeptides with a panel of control sera (non-IDDM) and sera from individuals having IDDM. Levels of binding GAD autoantibodies and/or simple detection of any binding can be determined. False positives are detection of binding in a control sample.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the invention also includes those polypeptides having slight variations in amino acid sequences or other properties. Such variations may arise naturally as allelic variations (e.g., due to genetic polymorphism) or may be produced by human intervention (e.g., by mutagenesis of cloned DNA sequences), such as induced point, deletion, insertion and substitution mutants. Minor changes in amino acid sequence are generally preferred, such as conservative amino acid replacements, small internal deletions or insertions, and additions or deletions at the ends of the molecules. Substitutions may be designed based on, for example, the model of Dayhoff, et al. (in Atlas of protein Sequence and Structure 1978, Nat'l Biomed. Res. Found., Wash., D.C.). These modifications can result in changes in the amino acid sequence, provide silent mutations, modify a restriction site, or provide other specific mutations. The polypeptides may comprise one or more selected antigenic determinants of human islet GAD, possess catalytic activity exhibited by native GAD protein or alternatively lack such activity, mimic GAD binding regions, or the like.

The present invention further provides a nucleic acid encoding the chimeric polypeptides of the present invention. For example, the nucleic acid set forth herein as SEQ ID NO: 1 provides a nucleotide sequence for a nucleic acid that encodes the GAD67 (1-230)/GAD65 (221-442)/GAD67 (542-594) chimeric polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. Another example of such a nucleic acid set forth herein as SEQ ID NO: 3 provides a nucleotide sequence for a nucleic acid that encodes the GAD67 (1-451)/GAD65 (443-585) chimeric polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. Additional nucleic acids encoding these chimeric proteins can readily be made, utilizing the degeneracy of the genetic code. Additionally, a nucleic acid encoding any selected chimeric protein can readily be made, based upon the genetic code, as known in the art. Nucleic acids can be obtained by any of several means known in the art. For example, cDNAs can be isolated from a library using a probe derived from the present nucleic acids or polypeptides, or nucleic acids can be directly synthesized mechanically.

The present method additionally provides a method of screening for the presence of GAD antibodies in a sample comprising (a) contacting the sample with a chimeric polypeptide comprising an epitope of GAD65 protein and a structural region comprising a polypeptide of the GAD family, wherein the chimeric polypeptide is a more specific diagnostic for IDDM than intact GAD65 and produces fewer false positives than intact GAD65, and (b) detecting binding between an antibody in the sample and the chimeric polypeptide, the detection of binding indicating the presence of GAD antibodies in the sample. A sample can include any sample in which GAD antibodies may be present. Typically, the sample will be a biological sample, which, as used herein, can include any sample from a subject in which antibodies generally can be detected, such as blood, serum and amniotic fluid. In any assay of the present invention, binding between an antibody in a sample and a chimeric polypeptide can be readily detected using any known means for detecting such binding, as exemplified in the examples herein.

As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, numerous types of immunoassays are available for use in the present invention to detect binding between an antibody and a chimeric polypeptide of this invention. For instance, direct and indirect binding assays, competitive assays, sandwich assays, and the like, as are generally described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,642,285; 4,376,110; 4,016,043; 3,879,262; 3,852,157; 3,850,752; 3,839,153; 3,791,932; and Harlow and Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Publications, New York (1988).

The present method additionally provides a method of screening a subject for risk of developing IDDM, comprising (a) contacting a chimeric polypeptide comprising an epitope of GAD65 protein and a structural region comprising a polypeptide of the GAD family, wherein the chimeric polypeptide is a more specific diagnostic for IDDM than intact GAD65 and produces fewer false positives than intact GAD65, with a biological sample from the subject and (b) detecting binding between an antibody in the sample and the chimeric polypeptide, the detection of binding indicating the subject is at risk of developing IDDM. GAD antibodies, as exemplified by the examples herein, are present in the majority of individuals in the prediabetic stage of the disease. Thus the detection of binding indicates a subject at risk of developing IDDM. Early detection can affect the course of therapy for the individual, and blood levels of insulin can be closely monitored once GAD antibodies are detected. A preferable chimeric polypeptide has a GAD 65 epitope of GAD65 amino acids 270-435 and/or GAD65 amino acids 451-570. The epitope, for example, can have the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 or the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. Specifically, a useful chimeric polypeptide is the chimeric polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 and the chimeric polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.

The present method additionally provides a method of determining if a subject having a type of diabetes has type I diabetes, comprising (a) contacting a chimeric polypeptide comprising an epitope of GAD65 protein and a structural region comprising a polypeptide of the GAD family, wherein the chimeric polypeptide is a more specific diagnostic for IDDM than intact GAD65 and produces fewer false positives than intact GAD65, with a biological sample from the subject and (b) detecting binding between an antibody in the sample and the chimeric polypeptide, the detection of binding indicating the type of diabetes in the subject is type I diabetes. A subject can be diagnosed as having diabetes by conventional methods, such as by elevated blood sugar levels. The type of diabetes, however, is not necessarily clear from such a test. Therefore, the present inventive assay can be performed to determine if the type of diabetes in the subject is type 1 (IDDM) by detecting the presence in the sample from the subject of GAD autoantibodies. A preferable chimeric polypeptide has a GAD 65 epitope of GAD65 amino acids 270-435 and/or GAD65 amino acids 451-570. The epitope, for example, can have the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 or the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. Specifically, a useful chimeric polypeptide is the chimeric polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 and the chimeric polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. If binding is detected in a subject, indicating the presence of GAD autoantibodies, therapy/treatment can be prescribed accordingly for type 1 diabetes.

Statement Concerning Utility

GAD autoantibodies are present in the majority of individuals in the prediabetic stage of the disease. Additionally, individuals diagnosed with diabetes who are found to have GAD autoantibodies present can, by the presence of the GAD autoantibodies, be classified as having type 1 diabetes (IDDM). Thus the detection of GAD autoantibodies in an individual can be highly useful, such as to determine if a person is at risk of developing IDDM. Early detection can affect the course of therapy for the individual, and blood levels of insulin can be closely monitored for progression to the disease state. Furthermore, the detection of GAD autoantibodies in an individual can be used to classify the type of diabetes a person has, thereby allowing treatment to be followed according to the specific type of diabetes present. The present chimeric proteins allow for the presentation of the GAD65 epitopes in a manner that allows a high specificity of detection of GAD autoantibodies and can produce fewer false positives than intact GAD65. Such specificity and reduction of false positives therefore provides a much more useful and beneficial reagent for testing for the presence of GAD autoantibodies. Furthermore, the use of such chimeric proteins can allow for the synthesis of chimeric proteins having varied specificities than the native GAD65, which can be useful, for example, to distinguish disease-specific antibodies and disease-specific epitopes, such as for IDDM as distinguished from stiff man syndrome, polyglandular failure type I or a restricted or β-cell-specific islet cell autoantibody (ICA) pattern.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is more particularly described in the following examples which are intended as illustrative only since numerous modifications and variations therein will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

Creation of GAD 65/GAD 67 Chimeric Proteins. To prepare chimeric GAD 65/GAD 67 cDNAs, an unique restriction enzyme site was introduced into the rat GAD 65 cDNA or human GAD 67 cDNA by PCR or site-directed mutagenesis. Introduction of the unique restriction site in the cDNAs did not alter the predicted amino acid sequence and occurred in a stretch of amino acids that were identical in GAD 65 and GAD 67. PCR amplification was performed using either the human GAD 67 or rat GAD 65 plasmid cDNA and primers to incorporate a one-, two-, or three-base pair mutation. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed with the Transformer Mutagenesis system (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). The presence of the mutation introduced by PCR or site-directed mutagenesis was confirmed by dideoxy sequencing. Following introduction of the desired restriction enzyme site into one GAD isoform, a cDNA fragment was exchanged with the corresponding cDNA fragment from the other GAD cDNA to produce a chimeric cDNA by standard subcloning techniques. For the production of GAD RNA, all wild type and chimeric GAD cDNAs were subcloned into the plasmid, pGOV, which contains a T7 RNA polymerase promoter (Ujihara et al. (1994) Diabetes 43:968-975).

The following nomenclature for GAD chimera was utilized: GAD 65 or 67 (amino acid number of that GAD species present in the GAD chimera)/GAD 65 or 67 (amino acid number of that GAD species present in the GAD chimera). The GAD 65 protein has 585 amino acids and the GAD 67 protein has 594 amino acids. To create the chimera, GAD 65 (1-195)/GAD 67 (205-594), a Hinc II site was introduced at the appropriate location of the GAD 67 cDNA by PCR and the resulting GAD 67 fragment exchanged with the corresponding fragment of the GAD 65 cDNA (using a native Hinc II site in the GAD 65 cDNA). To create the chimera GAD 67 (1-230)/GAD 65 (221-585), an Afl II was introduced at the appropriate location of the GAD 65 cDNA by PCR and the resulting GAD 65 fragment exchanged with the corresponding fragment of the GAD 67 cDNA (using a native Afl II site in the GAD 67 cDNA). To create the chimera GAD 65 (1-442)/GAD 67 (452-594) and the chimera GAD 67 (1-451)/GAD 65 (443-585), an unique Stu I site was introduced by site-directed mutagenesis in the GAD 67 cDNA. Corresponding cDNA fragments encoding GAD 65 (1-442) and GAD 67 (1-451) were exchanged (using a native Stu I site in the GAD 65 cDNA) to produce the chimera GAD 65 (1-442)/GAD 67 (452-594) and the chimera GAD 67 (1-451)/GAD 65 (443-585). The chimera, GAD 67 (1-230)/GAD 65 (221-442)/GAD 67 (452-594), was created by digesting GAD 67 (1-230)/GAD 65 (221-585) and GAD 65 (1-442)/GAD 67 (452-594) with Stu I and exchanging cDNA fragments. The chimera, GAD 65 (1-195)/GAD 67 (205-441)/GAD 65 (443-585), was created by digesting GAD 65 (1-195)/GAD 67 (205-594) with Afl II and exchanging this fragment with the corresponding fragment in GAD 67 (1-451)/GAD 65 (443-585). Both the Afl II and Stu I sites are unique for GAD 65 and GAD 67, respectively.

The chimeric composition of the GAD cDNAs was confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion and dideoxy DNA sequencing. Following in vitro translation, chimeric proteins were of the expected molecular weight by SDS-PAGE. In addition, chimeric proteins containing the COOH-terminus of GAD 65 reacted with the monoclonal antibody GAD-6 (Chang et al. (1988) J Neurosci 8:2123-2130), which is specific for this region of GAD 65 (Ujihara et al. (1994). The GAD-6 monoclonal antibody was obtained from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank at the University of Iowa (NICHD contract # NO 1-HD-2-3144).

Serum Samples. Serum samples were collected from individuals with new-onset diabetes (N=12) and from control, non-diabetic individuals and stored at -20° C. The clinical features of the IDDM sera have been previously described (Ujihara et al. (1994)).

Preparation and Immunoprecipitation of GAD protein. Full-length rat GAD 65, human GAD 67, and the chimeric GAD 65/GAD 67 cDNAs were transcribed into GAD RNA using T7 RNA Polymerase in an in-vitro transcription system (Megascript, Ambion) (Ujihara et al. (1994)). Metabolically-labeled, recombinant GAD protein was prepared by in-vitro translation of GAD RNA with reticulocyte lysate (Promega) using an amino acid mixture containing 35S-Methionine (1200 Ci/mmol) (Ujihara et al. (1994)). For immunoprecipitation, thirty ul of serum (1:1-1:20 dilution) was incubated with 30 ul of metabolically-labeled GAD protein (50,000 cpm) for 12-15 hours at 4° C. (Ujihara et al. (1994)). All dilutions of serum and GAD protein were made with Tris-Buffered Saline/0.05% Tween 20 (TBST). Protein A-sepharose (PAS, Sigma) was washed and resuspended in TBST to a 2% solution. Two ul of PAS (final bed volume) was added to the GAD protein/serum reaction and mixed for one hour at 4° C. by gentle rotation. The protein A-Sepharose pellets were then washed three times with 500 ul of TBST and resuspended in 100 ul of 1% SDS and counted by beta scintillation counting. All serum samples were assayed in duplicates. The results are presented as the mean+SEM of at least 3 separate experiments. Our laboratory participated in the GAD antibody workshops (Schmidli et al. (1994), Diabetes 43:1005-1009) sponsored by the Immunology of Diabetes Workshop (1993, 1994). In the 1994 workshop, our GAD 65 assay was positive in 82% of sera from individuals with new-onset diabetes, 100% of sera from individuals with pre-diabetes, and 3% of normal individuals.

Competitive Inhibition of Antibody Binding to GAD Protein. Unlabeled, full-length GAD 65, GAD 67, and chimeric GAD 65/GAD 67 protein were prepared in the reticulocyte lysate system as detailed above except that the amino acid mixture contained unlabeled methionine rather than 35S-methionine. For the blocking studies, unlabeled GAD protein was incubated with the test serum for 3 hours at room temperature; this mixture was then added to 50,000 cpm of 35S-GAD protein and incubated for 12-15 hours at 4° C. (Ujihara et al. (1994)). PAS was added and immunoprecipitation was performed as described above. The immunoprecipitate was analyzed by scintillation counting and expressed as the % GAD protein immunoprecipitated following preincubation with buffer without unlabeled GAD protein. All serum samples were assayed in duplicates. The results are presented as the mean+SEM of at least 3 separate experiments.

IDDM sera bind two regions of GAD 65 protein. Most IDDM sera bind GAD 65, but not GAD 67. Although GAD 65 and GAD 67 differ substantially in the NH2-terminal third of the protein and the first 8 amino acids of GAD 65 are targeted by antibodies in SMS (Butler et al (1993) J. Exp. Med. 178:2097-2106; Kim et al. (1994) J. Exp. Med. 180:595-606), the GAD 65-specific autoantibodies in IDDM sera do not bind a chimeric protein consisting of the NH2-terminal third of GAD 65 and the COOH-terminal two-thirds of GAD 67 [GAD 65 (1-195)/GAD 67 (205-594)]. Conversely, IDDM sera bind the chimera GAD 67 (1-230)/GAD 65 (221-585) in equivalent amounts as full-length GAD 65.

These results indicate that there are two regions of the COOH-terminal two-thirds of GAD 65 that are targeted by IDDM sera. Most IDDM sera bind equal amounts of both GAD 65 (1-442)/GAD 67 (452-594) and GAD 67 (1-451)/GAD 65 (443-585). Some IDDM sera bind more GAD 65 (1-442)/GAD 67 (452-594) than GAD 67 (1-451)/GAD 65 (443-585).

Both regions of GAD protein contribute to total GAD binding in IDDM sera. To further narrow the regions targeted by the autoantibodies and to assess the relative contribution of the two regions to total GAD binding in IDDM sera, two additional GAD chimera, GAD 67 (1-230)/GAD 65 (221-442)/GAD 67 (452-594) and GAD 65 (1-195)/GAD 67 (205-441)/GAD 65 (443-585) were created. Chimera containing only amino acids 221-442 of GAD 65 or a chimera containing amino acids 442-585 of GAD 65 were used to inhibit the binding of IDDM sera to full-length GAD 65. Two patterns of antibody binding in IDDM were observed. In the first pattern, preincubation of IDDM sera with either GAD 67 (1-230)/GAD 65 (221-442)/GAD 67 (452-594) or GAD 65 (1-195)/GAD 67 (205-44 1)/GAD 65 (443-585) partially the binding to full-length GAD 65. However, when the sera were preincubated with both chimeric GAD proteins, the binding to full-length GAD 65 was completely inhibited. These results indicate the presence of two distinct antibody specificities which target different regions of GAD 65 and contribute to the total GAD binding in IDDM sera. In the second pattern, only the GAD 67 (1-230)/GAD 65 (221-442)/GAD 67 (452-594) chimera was required to inhibit the binding to full-length GAD 65. This indicates that in this IDDM serum, an antibody specificity for amino acids 221-442 is responsible for total GAD binding. If such sera also contain a second GAD specificity which targets amino acids 443-585, this reactivity is present at a much lower titer. Our findings indicate that at least one antibody targets each region.

Identification of amino acids targeted by IDDM sera. Since GAD 65 and GAD 67 are highly homologous, differences between the two isoforms within the two regions of GAD 65 targeted by IDDM sera may identify amino acids responsible for the binding of IDDM sera to GAD 65, but not GAD 67. After excluding amino acids that are identical in the GAD 65 and GAD 67 isoforms, the two areas of binding can be narrowed to amino acids 240-435, and further to amino acids 270-442, and to amino acids 443-585. The GAD 65 and GAD 67 isoforms are 72% identical and 64% identical in these 2 regions, respectively. Since rat GAD 65 (used for these comparisons) and human GAD 65 are greater than 98% identical in these regions, similar results were found with comparisons of human GAD 65 and human GAD 67. Based on nomenclature suggested by De Camilli and colleagues for GAD epitopes in SMS (Butler et al. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 178:2097-2106), the epitope contained in amino acids 240-435 is labeled IDDM-E1, and the epitope contained in amino acids 451-570 are labeled IDDM-E2. Most of the differences in protein sequence in GAD 65 and GAD 67 in the regions of IDDM-E1 and IDDM-E2 are single amino acids. One area of marked difference in the two GAD isoforms is noted in the region of IDDM-E2 (between amino acids 505-517 where 10/13 amino acids are different). Site-directed mutagenesis can provide for precise identification of the amino acids targeted by the GAD antibodies in IDDM sera.

To assess the frequency of GAD antibodies to these two regions, the binding to IDDM-E1 and IDDM-E2 of GAD 65 with sera from individuals with new-onset IDDM (N=12) was measured. Most IDDM sera (N=11/12) bound both IDDM-E1 and IDDM-E2. One IDDM sera bound only IDDM-E1.

The two distinct antibody specificities present in IDDM sera may be identical to the MICA 1 and MICA 3 monoclonal antibodies isolated from a single patient with IDDM by Richter and colleagues (Richter et al. (1993)). Comparative studies with these monoclonal antibodies and IDDM sera can be performed to determine if these monoclonal antibodies derived from a single individual with IDDM are representative of IDDM sera. The contribution of a particular monoclonal antibody species to the total GAD autoantibody pool can then be estimated. The relative amount of a particular GAD autoantibody species in relation to other autoantibody species must use sera from a number of individuals with IDDM. The newly-created GAD chimera will be useful in such studies.

Implications for IDDM prediction and pathogenesis. GAD antibodies are an important immunologic marker for IDDM but several groups of GAD antibody-positive individuals with a low risk of developing diabetes have now been recognized (Genovese et al. (1992) Diabetologia 35:385-388; Gianani et al. (1992) Diabetes 41:347-353; Bjork et al. (1994) Diabetes 43:161-165). Differences in the GAD antibody profile can allow one to distinguish between individuals at high and low risk of developing IDDM. With the present identification of regions targeted by IDDM sera, a precise comparison of the GAD antibody profiles can be done and additional chimeric proteins can be generated. As a specific region is found to be targeted by IDDM sera and not by other GAD antibody positive-sera, then a GAD 65/GAD 67 chimera can be used to design additional assays specific for IDDM. In addition, the GAD 65/GAD 67 chimera can be used to determine whether differences in the two distinct GAD antibodies identify subsets of IDDM by correlating the presence or absence of a particular GAD antibody species with other aspects of IDDM such as HLA status, temporal relationship to other markers of autoimmunity, and beta cell function.

Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.

Although the present process has been described with reference to specific details of certain embodiments thereof, it is not intended that such details should be regarded as limitations upon the scope of the invention except as and to the extent that they are included in the accompanying claims.

    __________________________________________________________________________     #             SEQUENCE LISTING                                                    - -  - - (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                              - -    (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 6                                            - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1785 base - #pairs                                                 (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: other nucleic acid                                 - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:                                - - ATGGCGTCTT CGACCCCATC TTCGTCCGCA ACCTCCTCGA ACGCGGGAGC GG -             #ACCCCAAT     60                                                                  - - ACCACTAACC TGCGCCCCAC AACGTACGAT ACCTGGTGCG GCGTGGCCCA TG -             #GATGCACC    120                                                                  - - AGAAAACTGG GGCTCAAGAT CTGCGGCTTC TTGCAAAGGA CCAACAGCCT GG -             #AAGAGAAG    180                                                                  - - AGTCGCCTTG TGAGTGCCTT CAAGGAGAGG CAATCCTCCA AGAACCTGCT TT -             #CCTGTGAA    240                                                                  - - AACAGCGACC GGGATGCCCG CTTCCGGCGC ACAGAGACTG ACTTCTCTAA TC -             #TGTTTGCT    300                                                                  - - AGAGATCTGC TTCCGGCTAA GAACGGTGAG GAGCAAACCG TGCAATTCCT CC -             #TGGAAGTG    360                                                                  - - GTGGACATAC TCCTCAACTA TGTCCGCAAG ACATTTGATC GCTCCACCAA GG -             #TGCTGGAC    420                                                                  - - TTTCATCACC CACACCAGTT GCTGGAAGGC ATGGAGGGCT TCAACTTGGA GC -             #TCTCTGAC    480                                                                  - - CACCCCGAGT CCCTGGAGCA GATCCTGGTT GACTGCAGAG ACACCTTGAA GT -             #ATGGGGTT    540                                                                  - - CGCACAGGTC ATCCTCGATT TTTCAACCAG CTCTCCACTG GATTGGATAT TA -             #TTGGCCTA    600                                                                  - - GCTGGAGAAT GGCTGACATC AACGGCCAAT ACCAACATGT TTACATATGA AA -             #TTGCACCA    660                                                                  - - GTGTTTGTAC TACTGGAATA TGTGACACTA AAGAAAATGA GGGAAATCAT TG -             #GCTGGCCA    720                                                                  - - GGAGGCTCTG GCGATGGAAT CTTTTCTCCT GGTGGTGCCA TCTCCAACAT GT -             #ACGCCATG    780                                                                  - - CTCATTGCCC GCTATAAGAT GTTTCCAGAA GTCAAGGAAA AGGGGATGGC GG -             #CGGTGCCC    840                                                                  - - AGGCTCATCG CATTCACGTC AGAGCATAGT CACTTTTCTC TCAAGAAGGG AG -             #CTGCAGCC    900                                                                  - - TTGGGGATCG GAACAGACAG CGTGATTCTG ATTAAATGTG ATGAGAGAGG GA -             #AAATGATC    960                                                                  - - CCATCTGACC TTGAAAGAAG AATCCTTGAA GTCAAACAGA AAGGATTTGT TC -             #CTTTCCTG   1020                                                                  - - GTGAGTGCCA CAGCTGGAAC CACTGTGTAC GGGGCTTTTG ATCCTCTCTT GG -             #CTGTAGCT   1080                                                                  - - GACATCTGCA AAAAATATAA GATCTGGATG CATGTGGATG CTGCTTGGGG TG -             #GAGGGTTA   1140                                                                  - - CTGATGTCTC GGAAACACAA GTGGAAGCTG AACGGTGTGG AGAGGGCCAA CT -             #CTGTGACA   1200                                                                  - - TGGAATCCCC ACAAGATGAT GGGTGTCCCC TTGCAATGTT CGGCTCTCCT GG -             #TCAGAGAG   1260                                                                  - - GAGGGACTGA TGCAGAGCTG CAACCAGATG CATGCTTCCT ACCTCTTTCA GC -             #AAGATAAG   1320                                                                  - - CACTATGACC TGTCCTACGA CACCGGGGAC AAGGCAATTC AGTGTGGCCG CC -             #ACGTGGAT   1380                                                                  - - ATCTTCAAGT TCTGGCTGAT GTGGAAAGCA AAGGGCACAG TGGGATTTGA AA -             #ACCAGATC   1440                                                                  - - AACAAATGCC TGGAACTGGC TGAATACCTC TATGCCAAGA TTAAAAACAG AG -             #AAGAATTT   1500                                                                  - - GAGATGGTTT TCAATGGCGA GCCTGAGCAC ACAAACGTCT GTTTTTGGTA TA -             #TTCCACAA   1560                                                                  - - AGCCTCAGGG GTGTGCCAGA CAGCCCTCAA CGACGGGAAA AGCTACACAA GG -             #TGGCTCCA   1620                                                                  - - AAAATCAAAG CCCTGATGAT GGAGTCAGGT ACGACCATGG TTGGCTACCA GC -             #CCCAAGGG   1680                                                                  - - GACAAGGCCA ACTTCTTCCG GATGGTCATC TCCAACCCAG CCGCTACCCA GT -             #CTGACATT   1740                                                                  - - GACTTCCTCA TTGAGGAGAT AGAAAGACTG GGCCAGGATC TGTAA   - #                     1785                                                                         - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 594 amino - #acids                                                 (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS:                                                              (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                            - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:                                - - Met Ala Ser Ser Thr Pro Ser Ser Ser Ala Th - #r Ser Ser Asn Ala Gly       1               5   - #                10  - #                15                - - Ala Asp Pro Asn Thr Thr Asn Leu Arg Pro Th - #r Thr Tyr Asp Thr Trp                   20      - #            25      - #            30                    - - Cys Gly Val Ala His Gly Cys Thr Arg Lys Le - #u Gly Leu Lys Ile Cys               35          - #        40          - #        45                        - - Gly Phe Leu Gln Arg Thr Asn Ser Leu Glu Gl - #u Lys Ser Arg Leu Val           50              - #    55              - #    60                            - - Ser Ala Phe Lys Glu Arg Gln Ser Ser Lys As - #n Leu Leu Ser Cys Glu       65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80         - - Asn Ser Asp Arg Asp Ala Arg Phe Arg Arg Th - #r Glu Thr Asp Phe Ser                       85  - #                90  - #                95                - - Asn Leu Phe Ala Arg Asp Leu Leu Pro Ala Ly - #s Asn Gly Glu Glu Gln                   100      - #           105      - #           110                   - - Thr Val Gln Phe Leu Leu Glu Val Val Asp Il - #e Leu Leu Asn Tyr Val               115          - #       120          - #       125                       - - Arg Lys Thr Phe Asp Arg Ser Thr Lys Val Le - #u Asp Phe His His Xaa           130              - #   135              - #   140                           - - His Gln Leu Leu Glu Gly Met Glu Gly Phe As - #n Leu Glu Leu Ser Asp       145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -       #60                                                                               - - His Pro Glu Ser Leu Glu Gln Ile Leu Val As - #p Cys Arg Asp Thr         Leu                                                                                              165  - #               170  - #               175              - - Lys Tyr Gly Val Arg Thr Gly His Pro Arg Ph - #e Phe Asn Gln Leu Ser                   180      - #           185      - #           190                   - - Thr Gly Leu Asp Ile Ile Gly Leu Ala Gly Gl - #u Trp Leu Thr Ser Thr               195          - #       200          - #       205                       - - Ala Asn Thr Asn Met Phe Thr Tyr Glu Ile Al - #a Pro Val Phe Val Leu           210              - #   215              - #   220                           - - Met Glu Gln Ile Thr Leu Lys Lys Met Arg Gl - #u Ile Val Gly Trp Ser       225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -       #40                                                                               - - Ser Lys Asp Gly Asp Gly Ile Phe Ser Pro Gl - #y Gly Ala Ile Ser         Asn                                                                                              245  - #               250  - #               255              - - Met Tyr Ser Ile Met Ala Ala Arg Tyr Lys Ty - #r Phe Pro Glu Val Lys                   260      - #           265      - #           270                   - - Thr Lys Gly Met Ala Ala Val Pro Lys Leu Va - #l Leu Phe Thr Ser Glu               275          - #       280          - #       285                       - - Gln Ser His Tyr Ser Ile Lys Lys Ala Gly Al - #a Ala Leu Gly Phe Gly           290              - #   295              - #   300                           - - Thr Asp Asn Val Ile Leu Ile Lys Cys Asn Gl - #u Arg Gly Lys Ile Ile       305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -       #20                                                                               - - Pro Ala Asp Phe Glu Ala Lys Ile Leu Glu Al - #a Lys Gln Lys Gly         Tyr                                                                                              325  - #               330  - #               335              - - Val Xaa Phe Tyr Val Asn Ala Thr Ala Gly Th - #r Thr Val Tyr Gly Ala                   340      - #           345      - #           350                   - - Phe Asp Pro Ile Gln Glu Ile Ala Asp Ile Cy - #s Glu Lys Tyr Asn Leu               355          - #       360          - #       365                       - - Trp Leu His Val Asp Ala Ala Trp Gly Gly Gl - #y Leu Leu Met Ser Arg           370              - #   375              - #   380                           - - Lys His Arg His Lys Leu Asn Gly Ile Glu Ar - #g Ala Asn Ser Val Thr       385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -       #00                                                                               - - Trp Asn Pro His Lys Met Met Gly Val Leu Le - #u Gln Cys Ser Ala         Ile                                                                                              405  - #               410  - #               415              - - Leu Val Lys Glu Lys Gly Ile Leu Gln Gly Cy - #s Asn Gln Met Cys Ala                   420      - #           425      - #           430                   - - Gly Tyr Leu Phe Gln Pro Asp Lys Gln Tyr As - #p Val Ser Tyr Asp Thr               435          - #       440          - #       445                       - - Gly Asp Lys Ala Leu Gln Cys Gly Arg His Va - #l Asp Val Phe Lys Leu           450              - #   455              - #   460                           - - Trp Leu Met Trp Arg Ala Lys Gly Thr Thr Gl - #y Phe Glu Ala His Ile       465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -       #80                                                                               - - Asp Lys Cys Leu Glu Leu Ala Glu Tyr Leu Ty - #r Asn Ile Ile Lys         Asn                                                                                              485  - #               490  - #               495              - - Arg Glu Gly Tyr Glu Met Val Phe Asp Gly Ly - #s Pro Gln His Thr Asn                   500      - #           505      - #           510                   - - Val Cys Phe Trp Phe Val Pro Pro Ser Leu Ar - #g Val Leu Glu Asp Asn               515          - #       520          - #       525                       - - Glu Glu Arg Met Ser Arg Leu Ser Lys Val Al - #a Pro Val Ile Lys Ala           530              - #   535              - #   540                           - - Arg Met Met Glu Tyr Gly Thr Thr Met Val Se - #r Tyr Gln Pro Leu Gly       545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -       #60                                                                               - - Asp Lys Val Asn Phe Phe Arg Met Val Ile Se - #r Asn Pro Ala Ala         Thr                                                                                              565  - #               570  - #               575              - - His Gln Asp Ile Asp Phe Leu Ile Glu Glu Il - #e Glu Arg Leu Gly Gln                   580      - #           585      - #           590                   - - Asp Leu                                                                    - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1785 base - #pairs                                                 (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: double                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: other nucleic acid                                 - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:                                - - ATGGCGTCTT CGACCCCATC TTCGTCCGCA ACCTCCTCGA ACGCGGGAGC GG -              #ACCCCAAT     60                                                                  - - ACCACTAACC TGCGCCCCAC AACGTACGAT ACCTGGTGCG GCGTGGCCCA TG -             #GATGCACC    120                                                                  - - AGAAAACTGG GGCTCAAGAT CTGCGGCTTC TTGCAAAGGA CCAACAGCCT GG -             #AAGAGAAG    180                                                                  - - AGTCGCCTTG TGAGTGCCTT CAAGGAGAGG CAATCCTCCA AGAACCTGCT TT -             #CCTGTGAA    240                                                                  - - AACAGCGACC GGGATGCCCG CTTCCGGCGC ACAGAGACTG ACTTCTCTAA TC -             #TGTTTGCT    300                                                                  - - AGAGATCTGC TTCCGGCTAA GAACGGTGAG GAGCAAACCG TGCAATTCCT CC -             #TGGAAGTG    360                                                                  - - GTGGACATAC TCCTCAACTA TGTCCGCAAG ACATTTGATC GCTCCACCAA GG -             #TGCTGGAC    420                                                                  - - TTTCATCACC CACACCAGTT GCTGGAAGGC ATGGAGGGCT TCAACTTGGA GC -             #TCTCTGAC    480                                                                  - - CACCCCGAGT CCCTGGAGCA GATCCTGGTT GACTGCAGAG ACACCTTGAA GT -             #ATGGGGTT    540                                                                  - - CGCACAGGTC ATCCTCGATT TTTCAACCAG CTCTCCACTG GATTGGATAT TA -             #TTGGCCTA    600                                                                  - - GCTGGAGAAT GGCTGACATC AACGGCCAAT ACCAACATGT TTACATATGA AA -             #TTGCACCA    660                                                                  - - GTGTTTGTCC TCATGGAACA AATAACACTT AAGAAGATGA GAGAGATAGT TG -             #GATGGTCA    720                                                                  - - AGTAAAGATG GTGATGGGAT ATTTTCTCCT GGGGGAGCCA TATCCAACAT GT -             #ACAGCATC    780                                                                  - - ATGGCTGCTC GCTACAAGTA CTTCCCGGAA GTTAAGACAA AGGGCATGGC GG -             #CTGTGCCT    840                                                                  - - AAACTGGTCC TCTTCACCTC AGAACAGAGT CACTATTCCA TAAAGAAAGC TG -             #GGGCTGCA    900                                                                  - - CTTGGCTTTG GAACTGACAA TGTGATTTTG ATAAAGTGCA ATGAAAGGGG GA -             #AAATAATT    960                                                                  - - CCAGCTGATT TTGAGGCAAA AATTCTTGAA GCCAAACAGA AGGGATATGT TC -             #CCTTTTAT   1020                                                                  - - GTCAATGCAA CTGCTGGCAC GACTGTTTAT GGAGCTTTTG ATCCGATACA AG -             #AGATTGCA   1080                                                                  - - GATATATGTG AGAAATATAA CCTTTGGTTG CATGTCGATG CTGCCTGGGG AG -             #GTGGGCTG   1140                                                                  - - CTCATGTCCA GGAAGCACCG CCATAAACTC AACGGCATAG AAAGGGCCAA CT -             #CAGTCACC   1200                                                                  - - TGGAACCCTC ACAAGATGAT GGGCGTGCTG TTGCAGTGCT CTGCCATTCT CG -             #TCAAGGAA   1260                                                                  - - AAGGGTATAC TCCAAGGATG CAACCAGATG TGTGCAGGAT ACCTCTTCCA GC -             #CAGACAAG   1320                                                                  - - CAGTATGATG TCTCCTATGA CACGGGAGAC AAGGCCTTGC AGTGTGGACG CC -             #ACGTCGAT   1380                                                                  - - GTCTTTAAAT TATGGCTCAT GTGGAGAGCA AAGGGGACTA CTGGATTTGA AG -             #CTCACATT   1440                                                                  - - GATAAGTGTT TGGAGCTGGC AGAGTATTTA TACAATATCA TTAAAAACCG AG -             #AAGGATAT   1500                                                                  - - GAAATGGTGT TCGATGGGAA GCCTCAGCAC ACAAATGTCT GCTTCTGGTT TG -             #TACCTCCT   1560                                                                  - - AGTTTGCGAG TTCTGGAAGA CAATGAAGAG AGAATGAGCC GCCTCTCAAA GG -             #TGGCGCCA   1620                                                                  - - GTGATTAAAG CCAGAATGAT GGAGTATGGG ACCACAATGG TCAGCTACCA AC -             #CCTTAGGA   1680                                                                  - - GATAAGGTCA ACTTCTTCCG CATGGTCATC TCAAACCCTG CAGCAACTCA CC -             #AAGACATT   1740                                                                  - - GACTTCCTCA TTGAAGAAAT CGAACGCCTG GGACAAGATT TGTAA   - #                     1785                                                                         - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 594 amino - #acids                                                 (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS:                                                              (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                            - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:                                - - Met Ala Ser Ser Thr Pro Ser Ser Ser Ala Th - #r Ser Ser Asn Ala Gly       1               5   - #                10  - #                15                - - Ala Asp Pro Asn Thr Thr Asn Leu Arg Pro Th - #r Thr Tyr Asp Thr Trp                   20      - #            25      - #            30                    - - Cys Gly Val Ala His Gly Cys Thr Arg Lys Le - #u Gly Leu Lys Ile Cys               35          - #        40          - #        45                        - - Gly Phe Leu Gln Arg Thr Asn Ser Leu Glu Gl - #u Lys Ser Arg Leu Val           50              - #    55              - #    60                            - - Ser Ala Phe Lys Glu Arg Gln Ser Ser Lys As - #n Leu Leu Ser Cys Glu       65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80         - - Asn Ser Asp Arg Asp Ala Arg Phe Arg Arg Th - #r Glu Thr Asp Phe Ser                       85  - #                90  - #                95                - - Asn Leu Phe Ala Arg Asp Leu Leu Pro Ala Ly - #s Asn Gly Glu Glu Gln                   100      - #           105      - #           110                   - - Thr Val Gln Phe Leu Leu Glu Val Val Asp Il - #e Leu Leu Asn Tyr Val               115          - #       120          - #       125                       - - Arg Lys Thr Phe Asp Arg Ser Thr Lys Val Le - #u Asp Phe His His Pro           130              - #   135              - #   140                           - - His Gln Leu Leu Glu Gly Met Glu Gly Phe As - #n Leu Glu Leu Ser Asp       145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -       #60                                                                               - - His Pro Glu Ser Leu Glu Gln Ile Leu Val As - #p Cys Arg Asp Thr         Leu                                                                                              165  - #               170  - #               175              - - Lys Tyr Gly Val Arg Thr Gly His Pro Arg Ph - #e Phe Asn Gln Leu Ser                   180      - #           185      - #           190                   - - Thr Gly Leu Asp Ile Ile Gly Leu Ala Gly Gl - #u Trp Leu Thr Ser Thr               195          - #       200          - #       205                       - - Ala Asn Thr Asn Met Phe Thr Tyr Glu Ile Al - #a Pro Val Phe Val Leu           210              - #   215              - #   220                           - - Leu Glu Tyr Val Thr Leu Lys Lys Met Arg Gl - #u Ile Ile Gly Trp Pro       225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -       #40                                                                               - - Gly Gly Ser Gly Asp Gly Ile Phe Ser Pro Gl - #y Gly Ala Ile Ser         Asn                                                                                              245  - #               250  - #               255              - - Met Tyr Ala Met Leu Ile Ala Arg Tyr Lys Me - #t Phe Pro Glu Val Lys                   260      - #           265      - #           270                   - - Glu Lys Gly Met Ala Ala Val Pro Arg Leu Il - #e Ala Phe Thr Ser Glu               275          - #       280          - #       285                       - - His Ser His Phe Ser Leu Lys Lys Gly Ala Al - #a Ala Leu Gly Ile Gly           290              - #   295              - #   300                           - - Thr Asp Ser Val Ile Leu Ile Lys Cys Asp Gl - #u Arg Gly Lys Met Ile       305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -       #20                                                                               - - Pro Ser Asp Leu Glu Arg Arg Ile Leu Glu Va - #l Lys Gln Lys Gly         Phe                                                                                              325  - #               330  - #               335              - - Val Pro Phe Leu Val Ser Ala Thr Ala Gly Th - #r Thr Val Tyr Gly Ala                   340      - #           345      - #           350                   - - Phe Asp Pro Leu Leu Ala Val Ala Asp Ile Cy - #s Lys Lys Tyr Lys Ile               355          - #       360          - #       365                       - - Trp Met His Val Asp Ala Ala Trp Gly Gly Gl - #y Leu Leu Met Ser Arg           370              - #   375              - #   380                           - - Lys His Lys Trp Lys Leu Asn Gly Val Glu Ar - #g Ala Asn Ser Val Thr       385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -       #00                                                                               - - Trp Asn Pro His Lys Met Met Gly Val Pro Le - #u Gln Cys Ser Ala         Leu                                                                                              405  - #               410  - #               415              - - Leu Val Arg Glu Glu Gly Leu Met Gln Ser Cy - #s Asn Gln Met His Ala                   420      - #           425      - #           430                   - - Ser Tyr Leu Phe Gln Gln Asp Lys His Tyr As - #p Leu Ser Tyr Asp Thr               435          - #       440          - #       445                       - - Gly Asp Lys Ala Ile Gln Cys Gly Arg His Va - #l Asp Ile Phe Lys Phe           450              - #   455              - #   460                           - - Trp Leu Met Trp Lys Ala Lys Gly Thr Val Gl - #y Phe Glu Asn Gln Ile       465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -       #80                                                                               - - Asn Lys Cys Leu Glu Leu Ala Glu Tyr Leu Ty - #r Ala Lys Ile Lys         Asn                                                                                              485  - #               490  - #               495              - - Arg Glu Glu Phe Glu Met Val Phe Asn Gly Gl - #u Pro Glu His Thr Asn                   500      - #           505      - #           510                   - - Val Cys Phe Trp Tyr Ile Pro Gln Ser Leu Ar - #g Gly Val Pro Asp Ser               515          - #       520          - #       525                       - - Pro Gln Arg Arg Glu Lys Leu His Lys Val Al - #a Pro Lys Ile Lys Ala           530              - #   535              - #   540                           - - Leu Met Met Glu Ser Gly Thr Thr Met Val Gl - #y Tyr Gln Pro Gln Gly       545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -       #60                                                                               - - Asp Lys Ala Asn Phe Phe Arg Met Val Ile Se - #r Asn Pro Ala Ala         Thr                                                                                              565  - #               570  - #               575              - - Gln Ser Asp Ile Asp Phe Leu Ile Glu Glu Il - #e Glu Arg Leu Gly Gln                   580      - #           585      - #           590                   - - Asp Leu                                                                    - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 166 amino - #acids                                                 (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS:                                                              (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                            - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:                                - - Val Pro Arg Leu Ile Ala Phe Thr Ser Glu Hi - #s Ser His Phe Ser Leu       1               5   - #                10  - #                15                - - Lys Lys Gly Ala Ala Ala Leu Gly Ile Gly Th - #r Asp Ser Val Ile Leu                   20      - #            25      - #            30                    - - Ile Lys Cys Asp Glu Arg Gly Lys Met Ile Pr - #o Ser Asp Leu Glu Arg               35          - #        40          - #        45                        - - Arg Ile Leu Glu Val Lys Gln Lys Gly Phe Va - #l Pro Phe Leu Val Ser           50              - #    55              - #    60                            - - Ala Thr Ala Gly Thr Thr Val Tyr Gly Ala Ph - #e Asp Pro Leu Leu Ala       65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80         - - Val Ala Asp Ile Cys Lys Lys Tyr Lys Ile Tr - #p Met His Val Asp Ala                       85  - #                90  - #                95                - - Ala Trp Gly Gly Gly Leu Leu Met Ser Arg Ly - #s His Lys Trp Lys Leu                   100      - #           105      - #           110                   - - Asn Gly Val Glu Arg Ala Asn Ser Val Thr Tr - #p Asn Pro His Lys Met               115          - #       120          - #       125                       - - Met Gly Val Pro Leu Gln Cys Ser Ala Leu Le - #u Val Arg Glu Glu Gly           130              - #   135              - #   140                           - - Leu Met Gln Ser Cys Asn Gln Met His Ala Se - #r Tyr Leu Phe Gln Gln       145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -       #60                                                                               - - Asp Lys His Tyr Asp Leu                                                                   165                                                             - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 120 amino - #acids                                                 (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS:                                                              (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                  - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                            - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:                                - - Asp Val Phe Lys Leu Trp Leu Met Trp Arg Al - #a Lys Gly Thr Thr         Gly                                                                              1               5   - #                10  - #                15               - - Phe Glu Ala His Ile Asp Lys Cys Leu Glu Le - #u Ala Glu Tyr Leu Tyr                   20      - #            25      - #            30                    - - Asn Ile Ile Lys Asn Arg Glu Gly Tyr Glu Me - #t Val Phe Asp Gly Lys               35          - #        40          - #        45                        - - Pro Gln His Thr Asn Val Cys Phe Trp Phe Va - #l Pro Pro Ser Leu Arg           50              - #    55              - #    60                            - - Val Leu Glu Asp Asn Glu Glu Arg Met Ser Ar - #g Leu Ser Lys Val Ala       65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80         - - Pro Val Ile Lys Ala Arg Met Met Glu Tyr Gl - #y Thr Thr Met Val Ser                       85  - #                90  - #                95                - - Tyr Gln Pro Leu Gly Asp Lys Val Asn Phe Ph - #e Arg Met Val Ile Ser                   100      - #           105      - #           110                   - - Asn Pro Ala Ala Thr His Gln Asp                                                   115          - #       120                                            __________________________________________________________________________ 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of screening for the presence of GAD antibodies in a sample comprising: (a) contacting the sample with a chimeric polypeptide comprising an epitope or epitopes of GAD65 protein, said epitope selected from the group consisting of an epitope present in amino acids 270-435, an epitope present in amino acids 451-570, an epitope present in amino acids 221-585, an epitope present in amino acids 270-442, an epitope present in amino acids 443-513, an epitope present in amino acids 528-585, an epitope present in amino acids 451-585, and an epitope present in amino acids 221-442, and a structural region comprising a polypeptide from a GAD67 protein, wherein the chimeric polypeptide is a more specific diagnostic for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus than intact GAD65 and produces fewer false positives than intact GAD65; and (b) detecting binding between an antibody in the sample and the chimeric polypeptide, the detection of binding indicating the presence of GAD antibodies in the sample.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the GAD65 epitope consists of amino acids from amino acid 270 to amino acid 435 of GAD65.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the GAD65 epitope consists of amino acids from amino acid 451 to amino acid 570 of GAD65.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample is contacted with both a chimeric polypeptide wherein the GAD65 epitope consists of amino acids from amino acid 270 to amino acid 435 of GAD65 and a chimeric polypeptide wherein the GAD65 epitope consists of amino acids from amino acid 451 to amino acid 570 of GAD65.
 5. A method of screening a subject for risk of developing IDDM, comprising contacting (a) a chimeric polypeptide, which chimeric polypeptide comprises an epitope or epitopes of GAD65 protein, said epitope selected from the group consisting of an epitope present in amino acids 270-435, an epitope present in amino acids 451-570, an epitope present in amino acids 221-585, an epitope present in amino acids 270-442, an epitope present in amino acids 443-513, an epitope present in amino acids 528-585, an epitope present in amino acids 451-585, and an epitope present in amino acids 221-442, and a structural region comprising a polypeptide from a GAD67 protein, wherein the chimeric polypeptide is a more specific diagnostic for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus than intact GAD65 and produces fewer false positives than intact GAD65, with (b) a biological sample containing antibodies from the subject and detecting binding between an antibody in the biological sample and the chimeric polypeptide, the detection of binding indicating the subject is at risk of developing IDDM.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the GAD65 epitope consists of amino acids from amino acid 270 to amino acid 435 of GAD65.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the GAD65 epitope consists of amino acids from amino acid 451 to amino acid 570 of GAD65.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the sample is contacted with both a chimeric polypeptide wherein the GAD65 epitope consists of amino acids from amino acid 270 to amino acid 435 of GAD65 and a chimeric polypeptide wherein the GAD65 epitope consists of amino acids from amino acid 451 to amino acid 570 of GAD65.
 9. A method of determining if a subject having a type of diabetes has type I diabetes, comprising contacting (a) a chimeric polypeptide, which chimeric polypeptide comprises an epitope or epitopes of GAD65 protein, said epitope selected from the group consisting of an epitope present in amino acids 270-435, an epitope present in amino acids 451-570, an epitope present in amino acids 221-585, an epitope present in amino acids 270-442, an epitope present in amino acids 443-513, an epitope present in amino acids 528-585, an epitope present in amino acids 451-585, and an epitope present in amino acids 221-442, and a structural region comprising a polypeptide from a GAD67 protein, wherein the chimeric polypeptide is a more specific diagnostic for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus than intact GAD65 and produces fewer false positives than intact GAD65, with (b) a biological sample containing antibodies from the subject and detecting binding between an antibody in the biological sample and the chimeric polypeptide, the detection of binding indicating the type of diabetes in the subject is type I diabetes.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the GAD65 epitope consists of amino acids from amino acid 270 to amino acid 435 of GAD65.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the GAD65 epitope consists of amino acids from amino acid 451 to amino acid 570 of GAD65.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the sample is contacted with both a chimeric polypeptide wherein the GAD65 epitope consists of amino acids from amino acid 270 to amino acid 435 of GAD65 and a chimeric polypeptide wherein the GAD65 epitope consists of amino acids from amino acid 451 to amino acid 570 of GAD65. 